1 冷凍油的循環(huán)和分布 | 2 冷凍油與制冷劑的溶解特性 |
3 空調(diào)系統(tǒng)性能的測量及計算 | 4 壓縮機(jī)性能的測量及計算 |
5 與冷凍油相關(guān)注意點(diǎn) | 6 制冷潤滑油簡介 |
7 潤滑油對系統(tǒng)性能的影響 | 8 超低溫?zé)岜每照{(diào)潤滑油開發(fā) |
1. 冷凍油的循環(huán)和分布
壓縮機(jī)的殘油量與OCR關(guān)系
系統(tǒng)油量分布/OCR圖解估算方法
(1)轉(zhuǎn)速越高,OCR越大,壓縮機(jī)殘油量越少;
(2)總油量增加,OCR增大;
2. 冷凍油與制冷劑的溶解特性
3. 空調(diào)器性能測量裝置
空調(diào)器性能計算
冷熱水機(jī)組性能測量裝置
冷凍油對系統(tǒng)性能的影響
空調(diào)系統(tǒng)與壓縮機(jī)性能差異分析
4. 壓縮機(jī)性能測試裝置
壓縮機(jī)性能計算
油與制冷劑混合物
油循環(huán)對量熱器的影響
OCR對壓縮機(jī)性能的影響
5. 系統(tǒng)回油設(shè)計注意點(diǎn)
潤滑不良
冷凍油的劣化
6 制冷潤滑油簡介
潤滑油組成
潤滑油組成 - 基礎(chǔ)油 Base Oil
潤滑油組成 – 添加劑 Additives
制冷潤滑油的特殊性
Why is refrigeration lubricant special?
? 制冷劑不可避免地和潤滑油混合,從而影響潤滑油的性質(zhì)
? Refrigerant dissolves in lube and change its properties.
? 全封閉系統(tǒng):
? Closed system:
? 不換油
? Oil serves for life time
? 受環(huán)境影響小
? Less affected by ambient
? 溫度、壓力變化范圍很大
? Significant temperature and pressure change
? 固定工況下,系統(tǒng)有高溫高壓和低溫 低壓部分
? high T/P and low T/P in one system
? 不同環(huán)境條件下,工況變化大
? Working condition changes with ambient temperature and application
? 不同制冷劑性質(zhì)不同、應(yīng)用不一樣
? Different refrigerant has different properties and application.
制冷潤滑油選擇考慮的主要因素
Criteria for Refrigeration Lubricant Selection
? 合適的工作粘度:潤滑和回油
? Working Viscosity: lubricity & oil return
? 合適的相溶性:回油和性能
? Miscibility: oil return & efficiency
? 電絕緣性能:安全性
? Dielectric: Safety
? 穩(wěn)定性:長期可靠性
? Stability: Durability
? 材料兼容性:長期可靠性
? Compatibility: Durability
? 導(dǎo)熱性能、比熱容等其它性能
? Others: Thermal conductivity, specific heat, et. al
制冷劑和潤滑油的主要物性對比
Comparison of physical properties of refrigerants and lubricants
? 飽和蒸氣壓:差異非常大,>3個數(shù)量級
? Vapor Pressure: >3 orders of magnitude
? 粘度:差異非常大,2~4個數(shù)量級
? Viscosity: 2~4 orders of magnitude
? 密度:同一數(shù)量級
? Density: same order of magnitude
? 導(dǎo)熱系數(shù):同一數(shù)量級
? Thermal Conductivity: same order
? 比熱:同一數(shù)量級
? Specific Heat: same order
? 表面張力:潤滑油比較大
? Surface tension: Lube is higher
溫度、壓力對溶解度及粘度的影響
T&P Effect on Solubility and Viscosity
? 制冷劑的溶解會大大降低混合物粘度
Dilution of refrigerant reduces the viscosity of lubricant significantly.
? 恒溫條件下,壓力升高,制冷劑溶解度增加
At constant temperature, refrigerantsolubility increases as pressure.
溫度、壓力對溶解度及粘度的影響
T&P Effect on Solubility and Viscosity
? 制冷劑的溶解會大大降低混合物粘度
Dilution of refrigerant reduces the viscosity of lubricant significantly.
? 恒溫條件下,壓力升高,制冷劑溶解度增加
At constant temperature, refrigerant solubility increases as pressure.
? 恒壓條件下,溫度升高,制冷劑溶解度降低
At constant pressure, refrigerant solubility decreases as temperature.
溫度、壓力對溶解度及粘度的影響
T&P Effect on Solubility and Viscosity
? 制冷劑的溶解會大大降低混合物粘度
? 恒溫條件下,壓力升高,制冷劑溶解度增加
? 恒壓條件下,溫度升高,制冷劑溶解度降低
? 恒壓條件下,溫度升高,混合物粘度先增加后降低
At constant pressure, as temperature rises, mixture viscosity goes up quickly first and then goes down slowly
7.潤滑油對系統(tǒng)性能的影響
Lubricant Effect on Performance of Refrigeration System
潤滑油對壓縮機(jī)的影響
Effect on Compressor
? 潤滑:減小磨損
? Lubrication: reduce wearing
? 足夠的粘度:溫度、壓力、制冷劑對油粘度的影響
? Enough viscosity: T, P and Refrigerant affects viscosity
? 供油:結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計、注油量、系統(tǒng)回油
? Oil supply: Design, Oil charge, Oil return
? 合適的添加劑
?Additives
? 冷卻
? Cooling
? 油的傳熱性能
? Heat transfer
? 油的流動
? Flowability
? 密封
? Sealing:
? 足夠的粘度
? Enough viscosity
潤滑油對壓縮機(jī)的影響
Effect on Compressor
? 正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn):隨OCR增加
? Stable running condition: as OCR increases
? 容積效率先增加后降低:密封變好、 有效吸氣容積減少、排氣流動阻力增加
? Volumetric efficiency goes up first and then down: Better sealing, effective suction volume reduces, flow resistance on discharge increases
? 制冷量及COP先增加后降低
? Capacity and COP goes up first and then down.
? 排氣溫度降低
? Discharge temperature goes down.
? 適當(dāng)?shù)挠脱h(huán)率才能保證壓縮機(jī)的性能最優(yōu)
? Appropriate OCR can ensure optimal compressor performance.
潤滑油對壓縮機(jī)的影響
Effect on Compressor
? 啟動:
? Start up
? 冷熱循環(huán)引起制冷劑遷移,可能導(dǎo)致
? Temperature change could cause refrigerant migration and compressor to run out of oil.
? 由于冷媒溶解到油中蒸氣壓會降低, 溫度相同條件下,制冷劑傾向于往油壓縮機(jī)缺油多的地方轉(zhuǎn)移。
? Refrigerant tends to transfer to the position with high oil content due to the dissolving of refrigerant reduces vapor pressure.
? 潤滑油可能被嚴(yán)重稀釋,粘度大大降低 -> 潤滑不足
? Oil might be diluted significantly and end with wearing issue.
? 液面高,油循環(huán)率增加
? Oil expands and OCR increases.
潤滑油對換熱器傳熱的影響
Effect on Heat Transferring
? 蒸發(fā)器
? 水平管流動沸騰換熱:中低干度下,傳熱系數(shù)隨OCR增加而增加;高干度下,先增加、后降低。一方面,增加表面張力,增大延展性,增大接觸面積,增加發(fā)泡點(diǎn),換熱增強(qiáng);另一方面,由于粘度增加,換熱減弱。
? 光滑管:低干度下,核態(tài)沸騰為主,加入潤滑油削弱了兩相流的換熱;高干度下,加入潤滑油,形成泡沫后更容易形成環(huán)狀流,從而增強(qiáng)換熱;肋片管:對流換熱為主,加入潤滑油對換熱影響不大,且有和光滑管相反的趨勢。
? 分體式家用空調(diào)中,熱阻先減小后增大。
? 換熱量減??;換熱系數(shù)降低
? 冷凝器
? 粘度增加,對對流冷凝有負(fù)面效果,但由于露點(diǎn)溫度增加,一定程度上起到補(bǔ)償作用
? 分體式家用空調(diào)中熱阻增大
對制冷劑分配的影響 - 蒸發(fā)器
Effect on Refrigerant Distribution - Evaporator
? 蒸發(fā)器入口為氣液兩相,容易分液不均
The inlet of evaporator is two phases, maldistribution occurs easily.
? 不同結(jié)構(gòu)的換熱器,影響不一樣
Different design has different oil effect.
潤滑油對制冷劑分配的影響 -冷凝器
Effect on Refrigerant Distribution - Condenser
? 總的說來,冷凝側(cè)溫度高,油流動性好
Temperature is high, good oil flowability
? 冷凝器進(jìn)口,基本上全是氣體, 有利于均勻分配
Mostly vapor, easier for distribution
? 即便如此,仍有分配不均
Maldistribution still happens
增加OCR對制冷量的影響
Effect of Increasing OCR on Capacity
? 增加OCR,多數(shù)情況下冷量降低
Capacity decreases most of the time.
? 低速:OCR從1%增加至8%,制冷量降低6%;高速:OCR從1%增加到10.6%,制冷量減低13.5%。
? OCR從3%降到0.5%,出風(fēng)溫度降低0.8-1.7°C。
? OCR從8-9%降到2-2.6%,制冷量提升8-11%,出風(fēng)溫度降低3-4°C,車內(nèi)溫度降低2-3°C。
? 也有個別報道隨OCR增加,制冷量先略微升高后再降低的。
增加OCR對COP的影響
Effect of Increasing OCR on COP
? 增加OCR,COP先增加后減小
COP increases first then decreases.
? 低速:最佳COP對應(yīng)OCR為2.6%;高速:最佳COP對應(yīng)OCR為2.0% 。
? 制冷最佳COP對應(yīng)OCR 為3. 83%;制熱最佳COP 對應(yīng)OCR 為3. 59%。
潤滑油對系統(tǒng)可能造成的影響
Possible Lube Effect on System
? 壓縮機(jī):可靠性、性能
? Compressor: Durability, Efficiency
? 蒸發(fā)/冷凝溫度/壓力:混合物泡點(diǎn)溫度高于純制冷劑沸點(diǎn),改變換熱溫差.
? Evaporation/condensation T/P: Mixture bubble point is higher than pure refrigerant boiling point. Reduce temperature difference at evaporator.
? 換熱系數(shù):蒸發(fā)器和冷凝器影響不一樣,不同研究的結(jié)論不統(tǒng)一
? Heat transfer coefficient: Different impact on evaporator and condenser. Inconsistent conclusion in literature.
? 壓降:增大換熱器、吸排氣管路壓降->增加功耗、減小質(zhì)量流量
? Pressure drop: Increase pressure drop across heat exchanger, suction and discharge line. Increase power consumption and decrease mass flow.
潤滑油對系統(tǒng)可能造成的影響
Possible Lube Effect on System
? 制冷劑分配:和換熱器結(jié)構(gòu)有關(guān),有變 好的情況,也有變差的情況
? Refrigerant distribution: Depending on design, could get better or worse.
? 制冷劑出入蒸發(fā)器的比焓差:減小 – 油 不提供制冷量;部分制冷劑溶解在油中不蒸發(fā);油需要被冷卻,消耗一部分冷 量
? Reduce specific enthalpy difference in evaporator: Oil does not provide cooling capacity; Dissolved refrigerant could not evaporate; The oil needs to be cooled.
? 制冷劑流量:制冷劑+油的總流量可能增加,但制冷劑流量減小
? Refrigerant mass flow: Total flow of ref and oil could go up, flow rate ref. only goes down.
? 多數(shù)情況下,潤滑油都對壓縮機(jī)以外的部分都是帶來負(fù)面影響
? For most of situations, adding lubricant to the system other than compressor will deteriorate system performance.
8. 電動汽車超低溫?zé)岜脡嚎s機(jī)潤滑油
Lubricant for Electrical Vehicle Super Low Temperature Heat Pump
低溫?zé)岜妹媾R的挑戰(zhàn)
? 回油:
? 溫度更低 -> 潤滑油粘度增大
? 溫度降低 -> 油/冷媒互溶性變差
? 抗磨:
? 壓差增大,摩擦負(fù)荷增加
超低溫壓縮機(jī)潤滑油
超低溫壓縮機(jī)潤滑油: R134a相溶性
ZEROL ESTER 68Hybrid 在-15℃左右和 R134a即會產(chǎn)生渾濁分層現(xiàn)象,無法適應(yīng)熱泵低溫回油的要求
RM 68EX和R134a的互溶性可達(dá)-24℃以下
總結(jié) Summary
? 制冷潤滑油的選擇要充分考慮穩(wěn)定性、材料兼容性、制冷劑互溶性、及合適的工作粘度。
? Choosing lubricant for refrigeration system should fully consider stability, compatibility, miscibility, and suitable working viscosity.
? 制冷劑和潤滑油的物性有很大差別,尤其是粘度和飽和蒸氣壓,其混合物物性呈現(xiàn)出獨(dú)有的特點(diǎn)。
? The physical properties of lubricants, especially vapor pressure and viscosity, differentiate from refrigerants significantly. Mixture properties may exhibit unique features.
? 潤滑油對壓縮機(jī)的影響和系統(tǒng)的影響不一樣。潤滑油的優(yōu)化可以保證壓縮機(jī)的可靠性和提升壓縮機(jī)性能。
? Lubricants have different effects on compressor and the rest of system. Optimization of lubricants can improve compressor efficiency and durability.
? 對壓縮機(jī)以外的系統(tǒng)中其它部分,潤滑油的存在多數(shù)情況下是降低系統(tǒng)性能的;個別情況下,潤滑油的某些特性,比如起泡、表面張力等,可能起到提升性能的作用。
? For most of situations, adding lubricant to the rest of the system will deteriorate system performance. On some occasions, lubricants may improve system performance due to developing foam, higher surface tension et. al.
加入本菱, 做有挑戰(zhàn)的事
Scan the code